Mitochondrial biogenesis

• Upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC1α) ^{(9, 10)}
• Upregulates nuclear transcription factors of mitochondrial biogenesis (nuclear respiratory factor 2 [NRF2], mitochondrial transcription factor A [TFAM]) ⁽¹⁰⁾
• Upregulates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ⁽¹⁰⁾
• Upregulates mitochondrial number ^{(10, 11)}

Mitochondrial function

• CoQ10 is part of the electron transport chain of the inner mitochondrial membrane ⁽¹²⁾
• CoQ10 transfers electrons from complexes I and II to complex III by undergoing redox cycles between its three redox states (ubiquinone [fully oxidized], ubisemiquinone, and ubiquinol [fully reduced]) ⁽¹²⁾
• CoQ10 is critical in ATP generation via the electron transfer chain ⁽¹²⁾
• Supports mitochondrial complex I-V performance ^{(10, 13, 14)}
• Promotes ATP production ⁽¹¹⁾
• Upregulates the NAD+ pool (NAD/NADH ratio) ⁽¹⁰⁾
• Supports β-oxidation ⁽¹⁵⁾
• Downregulates NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) ^{(16, 17)} (upregulated in response to mitochondrial impairment to protect the cells against oxidative stress)

Mitochondrial structure

• Supports mitochondrial membrane potential ^{(11, 18)}

Signaling pathways

• Upregulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity ^{(9, 10, 15, 18, 19)}
• Upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) ^{(9, 10, 15)}
• Upregulates liver kinase B1 (LKB1) ⁽¹⁰⁾
• Upregulates cAMP ^{(9, 10)}

Lysosomal function

• Supports the transport of protons across lysosomal membranes to maintain the optimal pH ⁽¹²⁾
• Supports the activity of digestive enzymes within lysosomes ⁽¹²⁾
• Supports the lysosomal digestion of cellular debris ⁽¹²⁾

Antioxidant defenses

• Coenzyme Q10 (as ubiquinol) is a potent lipid soluble antioxidant ^{(12, 20, 21)}
• Protects from the peroxidation of cell membrane lipids and of lipoproteins in the blood^{(7, 20)}
• Protects from oxidative damage of proteins, lipids, and DNA ^{(10, 20, 22)}
• Downregulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) ^{(10, 17, 18)}
• Upregulates antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx]) ^{(13, 14, 23)}
• Replenishes glutathione (GSH) levels ⁽¹⁰⁾
• Regenerates the lipophilic antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) ^{(12, 21)}

Body weight

• Downregulates fat accumulation and blood/liver lipid levels ⁽⁹⁾
• Inhibits adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation ⁽⁹⁾
• Downregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ⁽⁹⁾
• Promotes the thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) ⁽⁹⁾
• Upregulates uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) ⁽⁹⁾

Cardiovascular function

• Cardioprotective effects ^(24–26)
• Protects vascular function ⁽²⁷⁾
• Protects endothelial cells against oxidative damage ^{(19, 28)}
• Protects endothelial progenitor cells ⁽¹⁸⁾
• Supports endothelial function and blood flow ^(29–31)

Brain function

• Neuroprotective against neurotoxic agents ^{(17, 32)}
• Upregulates the number of mitochondria in the brain ⁽³²⁾

Healthy aging and longevity

• Upregulates SIRT1 and SIRT3 ^{(9, 10)}
• Protects from DNA double-strand breaks ⁽³³⁾
• Extends lifespan (rats fed on a PUFA-rich diet) ⁽³³⁾

Complementary ingredients

• Lipoic acid — support of mitochondrial function ^(34–37)
• Creatine — neuroprotection and support of mitochondrial function ^{(34, 35, 38)}
• L-carnitine — support of mitochondrial function ⁽³⁹⁾
• Piperine — increases bioavailability of CoQ10 ⁽⁴⁰⁾
• Vitamin B3 (NAD+ precursors) — supports improved mitochondrial performance ⁽⁴¹⁾
• Vitamin E — support of mitochondrial function ⁽³⁶⁾